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56 Cash Flow Hedges and Stand-alone Interest Rate Swaps

On the reporting date, the nominal volume of cash flow hedges held in euros amounts to € 1,109.5 million (Dec. 31, 2020: € 1,117.4 million). Interest rates on hedging instruments are between 0.064% and 3.760% with original swap periods of between 4.75 and 20 years.

For three hedging instruments that are maintained within so-called passive hedge accounting, € 9.6 million was reclassified affecting net income in the reporting year in line with the expected cash flows from the underlying hedged items. This reduced the value recognized in other comprehensive income to € 18.7 million.

All derivatives are included in netting agreements with the issuing banks.

Cross currency swaps were recognized at their positive fair values. While the interest rate swap redesignated by BUWOG – Bauen und Wohnen Gesellschaft mbH in the previous year also shows a positive fair value, each of the other euro interest rate swaps has a negative fair value as of the reporting date.

No economic or accounting offsetting was performed in the reporting year.

Key parameters of the interest rate swaps were as follows:

Key parameters of the interest rate swaps

in € million

Face value

Beginning of term

End of term

Current average interest rate (incl. margin)

Bonds (EMTN)

Hedged items

600.0

Mar. 22, 2018

Dec. 22, 2022

3M EURIBORmargin 0.45%

Interest rate swaps

600.0

Mar. 22, 2018

Dec. 22, 2022

0.793%

HELABA

Hedged items

146.6

Jan. 28, 2019

Apr. 30, 2024

1M EURIBOR margin 0.0%

Interest rate swaps

146.6

Jan. 28, 2019

Apr. 30, 2024

0.390%

Berlin Hyp

Hedged items

146.6

Jan. 28, 2019

Apr. 30, 2024

1M EURIBOR margin 0.0%

Interest rate swaps

146.6

Jan. 28, 2019

Apr. 30, 2024

0.390%

Norddeutsche Landesbank (2)

Hedged items

77.2

June 28, 2013

June 30, 2023

3M EURIBOR margin 1.47%

Interest rate swaps

77.2

June 28, 2013

June 30, 2023

2.290%

UniCredit Bank AG

Hedged items

44.1

Oct. 01, 2018

Nov. 30, 2038

3M EURIBOR margin 1.32%

Interest rate swaps

44.1

Oct. 01, 2018

Nov. 30, 2038

1.505%

UniCredit Bank Austria AG

Hedged items

95.0

Jan. 02, 2015

Dec. 31, 2034

3M EURIBOR margin 1.12%

Interest rate swaps

95.0

Sep. 18, 2020

Dec. 31, 2034

0.064%

In 2013, two cross currency swaps were contracted in equal amounts with each of JP Morgan Limited and Morgan Stanley Bank International Limited; these hedging instruments (cross currency swaps/CCS) became effective on the issuance of two bonds for a total amount of USD 1,000.0 million. The CCS, each for an amount of USD 375.0 million, fell due in October 2017 in line with the bonds. The hedging instruments, each for an amount of USD 125.0 million, originally had a term of ten years. This means that the EUR/USD currency risk resulting from the coupon and capital repayments was eliminated for the entire term of the bonds.

Key parameters of the cross currency swaps were as follows:

Key parameters of the cross currency swaps

Face value million USD

Face value million €

Beginning of term

End of term

Interest rate USD

Interest rate €

Hedging rate USD/€

J.P. Morgan Securities plc Morgan Stanley & Co. International plc

Hedged items

250.0

185.0

Oct. 02, 2013

Oct. 02, 2023

5.00%

CCS

250.0

185.0

Oct. 02, 2013

Oct. 02, 2023

4.58%

1.3517

As of September 30, 2021, 15 euro interest rate swaps with a nominal value of € 657.8 million were adopted as stand-alone hedging instruments by the Vonovia Group in connection with the acquisition of Deutsche Wohnen SE. In total, the fair values amounted to € -28.9 million as of first-time consolidation. The hedged nominal value corresponds to a volume of € 652.9 million as of the reporting date; overall, the fair values decreased to € -20.8 million.

With the takeover of a borrowing to Aggregate Holdings S.A. in the amount of € 250 million, Vonovia concluded a call option for 13.3% of shares in Adler-Group S.A. with the company, with a term of eight months. There was a positive fair value of € 20.2 million for the call option at the time of addition on October 7, 2021. The subsequent measurement of the call option is carried out at fair value through profit and loss in accordance with the IFRS 9 classification model. As of December 31, 2021 the subsequent measurement results in positive net interest of € 6.1 million.

The hedged nominal volume of currently 13 stand-alone interest rate swaps of BUWOG amounted to € 312.3 million as of December 31, 2021 (Dec. 31, 2020: € 351.4 million).

On the reporting date, the Hembla Group still recognized two stand-alone interest rate swaps and eight interest rate caps. The nominal value hedged in Swedish krona corresponds to a volume of € 946.8 million as of December 31, 2021 (Dec. 31, 2020: € 967.6 million), with the positive and negative fair values balancing each other out overall: € 0.0 million (Dec. 31, 2020: € -0.7 million). Due to the high prepayment fees, embedded derivatives from loan termination rights were not longer recognized as of the reporting date. The positive fair value of the previous year in the amount of € 2.7 million was derecognized accordingly in profit or loss.

On the reporting date, the Victoria Park Group recognized 17 stand-alone interest rate swaps and four interest rate caps. The nominal value hedged in Swedish krona corresponds to a volume of € 721.4 million as of December 31, 2021 (Dec. 31, 2020: € 939.6 million) with the fair value amounting to € -1.0 million in total (Dec. 31, 2020: € -7.7 million). The positive fair value of the embedded derivatives from termination rights of loans from the previous year in the amount of € 0.9 million was also derecognized in profit or loss in the reporting year.

The designation of the cash flow hedges as hedging instruments is prospectively determined on the basis of a sensitivity analysis, retrospectively on the basis of the accumulated dollar offset method. The fair value changes of the hedged items are determined on the basis of the hypothetical derivative method. In the reporting year – as in the prior year – the impact of default risk on the fair values is negligible and did not result in any adjustments of the balance sheet item.

In the reporting year, the cash flow hedges held in euros were shown at their clean fair values totaling € -12.3 million as of December 31, 2021 (Dec. 31, 2020: € -29.6 million). The corresponding deferred interest amounted to € -2.0 million (Dec. 31, 2020: € -1.7 million).

At the same time, positive market values from cross currency swaps in the amount of € 35.2 million (Dec. 31, 2020: € 18.4 million), together with positive market values in a total amount of € 30.6 million (Dec. 31, 2020: € 4.0 million), were recognized from the Adler option and stand-alone interest rate derivatives of Hembla, Victoria Park and Deutsche Wohnen. The corresponding deferred interest amounted to € 0.6 million (Dec. 31, 2020: € 0.4 million).

Financial liabilities also included negative fair values from stand-alone interest rate derivatives in the amount of € -53.9 million (Dec. 31, 2020: € -47.1 million).

The impact of the cash flow hedges (after income taxes) on the development of other reserves is shown below:

Impact of the cash flow hedges (after income taxes) on the development of other reserves

Changes in the period

Reclassification affecting net income

in € million

As of Jan. 1

Changes in CCS

Other

Currency risk

Interest risk

As of Dec. 31

2021

-32.9

12.1

6.1

-11.7

14.5

-11.9

2020

-52.2

-5.4

-1.4

12.7

13.4

-32.9

The impact of the cash flow hedges (including income taxes) on total comprehensive income is shown below:

Cash Flow Hedges

Cash Flow Hedges

in € million

2020

2021

Change in unrealized gains/losses

-10.1

26.5

Taxes on the change in unrealized gains/losses

3.3

-8.3

Net realized gains/losses

34.1

-0.4

Taxes due to net realized gains/losses

-8.0

3.2

Total

19.3

21.0

In the reporting year, after allowing for deferred taxes, negative cumulative ineffectiveness for cash flow hedges amounted to € -0.1 million (2020: € 1.0 million), improving net interest by € 1.1 million. On the basis of the valuation as of December 31, 2020, Vonovia used a sensitivity analysis to determine the change in equity given a parallel shift in the interest rate structure of 50 basis points in each case:

Change in equity

Change in equity

in € million

Other reserves not affecting net income

Income statement affecting net income

Total

2021

+50 basis points

6.1

21.8

27.9

-50 basis points

-5.8

-19.7

-25.5

2020

+50 basis points

9.1

16.3

25.4

-50 basis points

-6.4

-15.0

-21.4

A further sensitivity analysis showed that a change in the foreign currency level of -5% (+5%) would lead, after allowance for deferred taxes, to a change in the other reserves not affecting net income of € -1.1 million (or € -0.9 million), while ineffectiveness affecting net income in the amount of € +1.6 million (or € +0.5 million) would result at the same time. In the previous year, a change in the other reserves not affecting net income of € -0.2 million (or € +0.2 million) was recognized in connection with ineffectiveness affecting net income in the amount of € +0.8 million (or € -0.7 million).

Adjusted EBITDA Development

The Adjusted EBITDA Development includes the gross profit from the development activities of “to sell” projects (income from sold development projects less production costs) and the gross profit from the development activities of “to hold” projects (fair value of the units developed for the company’s own portfolio less incurred production costs) less the operating expenses from the Development segment.

Adjusted EBITDA Deutsche Wohnen

The Adjusted EBITDA Deutsche Wohnen is calculated by deducting the operating expenses of the Deutsche Wohnen segment and the carrying amount of properties sold from the segment revenue of the Deutsche Wohnen Group.

Adjusted EBITDA Recurring Sales

The Adjusted EBITDA Recurring Sales compares the proceeds generated from the privatization business with the fair values of assets sold and also deducts the related costs of sale. In order to disclose profit and revenue in the period in which they are incurred and to report a sales margin, the fair value of properties sold, valued in accordance with IFRS 5, has to be adjusted to reflect realized/unrealized changes in value.

Adjusted EBITDA Rental

The Adjusted EBITDA Rental is calculated by deducting the operating expenses of the Rental segment and the expenses for maintenance in the Rental segment from the Group’s rental income.

Adjusted EBITDA Total

Adjusted EBITDA Total is the result before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (including income from other operational investments and intragroup profits) adjusted for effects that do not relate to the period, recur irregularly and that are atypical for business operation, and for net income from fair value adjustments to investment properties. These non-recurring items include the development of new fields of business and business processes, acquisition projects, expenses for refinancing and equity increases (where not treated as capital procurement costs), IPO preparation costs and expenses for pre-retirement part-time work arrangements and severance payments. The Adjusted EBITDA Total is derived from the sum of the Adjusted EBITDA Rental, Adjusted EBITDA Value-add, Adjusted EBITDA Recurring Sales, Adjusted EBITDA Development and Adjusted EBITDA Deutsche Wohnen.

Adjusted EBITDA Value-add

The Adjusted EBITDA Value-add is calculated by deducting operating expenses from the segment’s income.

COSO

The Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) is a private-sector U.S. organization. It was founded in 1985. In 1992, COSO published the COSO model, an SEC-recognized standard for internal controls. This provided a basis for the documentation, analysis and design of internal control systems. In 2004, the model was further developed and the COSO Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) Framework was published. Since then, it has been used to structure and develop risk management systems.

Covenants

Requirements specified in loan agreements or bond conditions containing future obligations of the borrower or the bond obligor to meet specific requirements or to refrain from undertaking certain activities.

EPRA Key Figures

For information on the EPRA key figures, we refer to the chapter on segment reporting according to EPRA.

EPRA NTA

The presentation of the NTA based on the EPRA definition aims to show the net asset value in a long-term business model. NTA stands for Net Tangible Assets. The equity attributable to Vonovia’s shareholders is adjusted by deferred taxes, real estate transfer tax and other purchasers’ costs in relation to the existing portfolio and the fair value of derivative financial instruments after taking deferred taxes into account. Stated goodwill and other intangible assets are also deducted.

European Public Real Estate Association (EPRA)

The European Public Real Estate Association (EPRA) is a non-profit organization that has its registered headquarters in Brussels and represents the interests of listed European real estate companies. Its mission is to raise awareness of European listed real estate companies as a potential investment destination that offers an alternative to conventional investments. EPRA is a registered trademark of the European Public Real Estate Association.

European Public Real Estate Association (EPRA)

The European Public Real Estate Association (EPRA) is a non-profit organization that has its registered headquarters in Brussels and represents the interests of listed European real estate companies. Its mission is to raise awareness of European listed real estate companies as a potential investment destination that offers an alternative to conventional investments. EPRA is a registered trademark of the European Public Real Estate Association.

Fair Value

Fair value is particularly relevant with regard to valuation in accordance with IAS 40 in conjunction with IFRS 13. The fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length transaction.

Fair Value

Fair value is particularly relevant with regard to valuation in accordance with IAS 40 in conjunction with IFRS 13. The fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length transaction.

Fair Value

Fair value is particularly relevant with regard to valuation in accordance with IAS 40 in conjunction with IFRS 13. The fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length transaction.

Fair Value

Fair value is particularly relevant with regard to valuation in accordance with IAS 40 in conjunction with IFRS 13. The fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length transaction.

GAV

The Gross Asset Value (GAV) of the recognized real estate investments. This consists of the owner-occupied properties, the investment properties including development to hold, the assets held for sale and the development to sell area. In the latter, both residential properties for which a purchase contract has been signed and those with the intention to sell – i.e., a purchase contract has not yet been signed – are included.

GAV

The Gross Asset Value (GAV) of the recognized real estate investments. This consists of the owner-occupied properties, the investment properties including development to hold, the assets held for sale and the development to sell area. In the latter, both residential properties for which a purchase contract has been signed and those with the intention to sell – i.e., a purchase contract has not yet been signed – are included.

Group FFO

Group FFO reflects the recurring earnings from the operating business. In addition to the adjusted EBITDA for the Rental, Value-add, Recurring Sales and Development segments, Group FFO allows for recurring current net interest expenses from non-derivative financial instruments as well as current income taxes. This key figure is not determined on the basis of any specific international reporting standard but is to be regarded as a supplement to other performance indicators determined in accordance with IFRS.

Maintenance

Maintenance covers the measures that are necessary to ensure that the property can continue to be used as intended over its useful life and that eliminate structural and other defects caused by wear and tear, age and weathering effects.

Maintenance

Maintenance covers the measures that are necessary to ensure that the property can continue to be used as intended over its useful life and that eliminate structural and other defects caused by wear and tear, age and weathering effects.

Maintenance

Maintenance covers the measures that are necessary to ensure that the property can continue to be used as intended over its useful life and that eliminate structural and other defects caused by wear and tear, age and weathering effects.

Maintenance

Maintenance covers the measures that are necessary to ensure that the property can continue to be used as intended over its useful life and that eliminate structural and other defects caused by wear and tear, age and weathering effects.

Vacancy Rate

The vacancy rate is the number of empty units as a percentage of the total units owned by the company. The vacant units are counted at the end of each month.

Vacancy Rate

The vacancy rate is the number of empty units as a percentage of the total units owned by the company. The vacant units are counted at the end of each month.

Vacancy Rate

The vacancy rate is the number of empty units as a percentage of the total units owned by the company. The vacant units are counted at the end of each month.

Vacancy Rate

The vacancy rate is the number of empty units as a percentage of the total units owned by the company. The vacant units are counted at the end of each month.

LTV Ratio (Loan-to-Value Ratio)

The LTV ratio shows the extent to which financial liabilities are covered. It shows the ratio of non-derivative financial liabilities pursuant to IFRS, less foreign exchange rate effects, cash and cash equivalents less advance payments received by Development (period-related), receivables from disposals, plus purchase prices for outstanding acquisitions to the total fair values of the real estate portfolio, fair values of the projects/land currently under construction as well as receivables from the sale of real estate inventories (period-related) plus the fair values of outstanding acquisitions and investments in other real estate companies.

Rental Income

Rental income refers to the current gross income for rented units as agreed in the corresponding lease agreements before the deduction of non-transferable ancillary costs. The rental income from the Austrian property portfolio additionally includes maintenance and improvement contributions (EVB). The rental income from the portfolio in Sweden reflects inclusive rents, meaning that the amounts contain operating and heating costs.

Rental Income

Rental income refers to the current gross income for rented units as agreed in the corresponding lease agreements before the deduction of non-transferable ancillary costs. The rental income from the Austrian property portfolio additionally includes maintenance and improvement contributions (EVB). The rental income from the portfolio in Sweden reflects inclusive rents, meaning that the amounts contain operating and heating costs.

Modernization Measures

Modernization measures are long-term and sustainable value-enhancing investments in housing and building stocks. Energy-efficient refurbishments generally involve improvements to the building shell and communal areas as well as the heat and electricity supply systems. Typical examples are the installation of heating systems, the renovation of balconies and the retrofitting of prefabricated balconies as well as the implementation of energy-saving projects, such as the installation of double-glazed windows and heat insulation, e.g., facade insulation, insulation of the top story ceilings and basement ceilings. In addition to modernization of the apartment electrics, the refurbishment work upgrades the apartments, typically through the installation of modern and/or accessible bathrooms, the installation of new doors and the laying of high-quality and non-slip flooring. Where required, the floor plans are altered to meet changed housing needs.

Modernization Measures

Modernization measures are long-term and sustainable value-enhancing investments in housing and building stocks. Energy-efficient refurbishments generally involve improvements to the building shell and communal areas as well as the heat and electricity supply systems. Typical examples are the installation of heating systems, the renovation of balconies and the retrofitting of prefabricated balconies as well as the implementation of energy-saving projects, such as the installation of double-glazed windows and heat insulation, e.g., facade insulation, insulation of the top story ceilings and basement ceilings. In addition to modernization of the apartment electrics, the refurbishment work upgrades the apartments, typically through the installation of modern and/or accessible bathrooms, the installation of new doors and the laying of high-quality and non-slip flooring. Where required, the floor plans are altered to meet changed housing needs.

Modernization Measures

Modernization measures are long-term and sustainable value-enhancing investments in housing and building stocks. Energy-efficient refurbishments generally involve improvements to the building shell and communal areas as well as the heat and electricity supply systems. Typical examples are the installation of heating systems, the renovation of balconies and the retrofitting of prefabricated balconies as well as the implementation of energy-saving projects, such as the installation of double-glazed windows and heat insulation, e.g., facade insulation, insulation of the top story ceilings and basement ceilings. In addition to modernization of the apartment electrics, the refurbishment work upgrades the apartments, typically through the installation of modern and/or accessible bathrooms, the installation of new doors and the laying of high-quality and non-slip flooring. Where required, the floor plans are altered to meet changed housing needs.

Modernization Measures

Modernization measures are long-term and sustainable value-enhancing investments in housing and building stocks. Energy-efficient refurbishments generally involve improvements to the building shell and communal areas as well as the heat and electricity supply systems. Typical examples are the installation of heating systems, the renovation of balconies and the retrofitting of prefabricated balconies as well as the implementation of energy-saving projects, such as the installation of double-glazed windows and heat insulation, e.g., facade insulation, insulation of the top story ceilings and basement ceilings. In addition to modernization of the apartment electrics, the refurbishment work upgrades the apartments, typically through the installation of modern and/or accessible bathrooms, the installation of new doors and the laying of high-quality and non-slip flooring. Where required, the floor plans are altered to meet changed housing needs.

Monthly In-place Rent

The monthly in-place rent is measured in euros per square meter and is the current gross rental income per month for rented units as agreed in the corresponding rent agreements at the end of the relevant month before deduction of non-transferable ancillary costs divided by the living area of the rented units. The rental income from the Austrian property portfolio additionally includes maintenance and improvement contributions (EVB). The rental income from the portfolio in Sweden reflects inclusive rents, meaning that the amounts contain operating and heating costs.

The in-place rent is often referred to as the “Nettokaltmiete” (net rent excl. ancillary costs such as heating, etc.). The monthly in-place rent (in € per square meter) on a like-forlike basis refers to the monthly in-place rent for the residential portfolio that was already held by Vonovia 12 months previously, i.e., portfolio changes during this period are not included in the calculation of the in-place rent on a like-forlike basis. If we also include the increase in rent due to new construction measures and measures to add extra stories, then we arrive at the organic increase in rent.

Monthly In-place Rent

The monthly in-place rent is measured in euros per square meter and is the current gross rental income per month for rented units as agreed in the corresponding rent agreements at the end of the relevant month before deduction of non-transferable ancillary costs divided by the living area of the rented units. The rental income from the Austrian property portfolio additionally includes maintenance and improvement contributions (EVB). The rental income from the portfolio in Sweden reflects inclusive rents, meaning that the amounts contain operating and heating costs.

The in-place rent is often referred to as the “Nettokaltmiete” (net rent excl. ancillary costs such as heating, etc.). The monthly in-place rent (in € per square meter) on a like-forlike basis refers to the monthly in-place rent for the residential portfolio that was already held by Vonovia 12 months previously, i.e., portfolio changes during this period are not included in the calculation of the in-place rent on a like-forlike basis. If we also include the increase in rent due to new construction measures and measures to add extra stories, then we arrive at the organic increase in rent.

Sustainability Performance Index (SPI)

Index to measure non-financial performance. Vonovia’s sustainable activities are geared towards the top sustainability topics that we have identified, which are bundled in the Sustainability Performance Index. The Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) is included in the calculation of the Sustainability Performance Index. The CSI is determined at regular intervals in systematic customer surveys conducted by an external service provider and shows the effectiveness and sustainability of our services for the customer. Other indicators used in the Sustainability Performance Index are the carbon savings achieved annually in housing stock, the energy efficiency of new buildings, the share of accessible (partial) modernization measures in relation to newly let apartments, the increase in employee satisfaction and diversity in the company’s top management team.

Sustainability Performance Index (SPI)

Index to measure non-financial performance. Vonovia’s sustainable activities are geared towards the top sustainability topics that we have identified, which are bundled in the Sustainability Performance Index. The Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) is included in the calculation of the Sustainability Performance Index. The CSI is determined at regular intervals in systematic customer surveys conducted by an external service provider and shows the effectiveness and sustainability of our services for the customer. Other indicators used in the Sustainability Performance Index are the carbon savings achieved annually in housing stock, the energy efficiency of new buildings, the share of accessible (partial) modernization measures in relation to newly let apartments, the increase in employee satisfaction and diversity in the company’s top management team.

Non-core Disposals

We also report on the Other segment, which is not relevant from a corporate management perspective, in our segment reporting. This includes the sale, only as and when the right opportunities present themselves, of entire buildings or land (Non-core Disposals) that are likely to have below-average development potential in terms of rent growth in the medium term and are located in areas that can be described as peripheral compared with Vonovia’s overall portfolio and in view of future acquisitions.

Rating

Classification of debtors or securities with regard to their creditworthiness or credit quality according to credit ratings. The classification is generally performed by rating agencies.

Rating

Classification of debtors or securities with regard to their creditworthiness or credit quality according to credit ratings. The classification is generally performed by rating agencies.

Rating

Classification of debtors or securities with regard to their creditworthiness or credit quality according to credit ratings. The classification is generally performed by rating agencies.

Rating

Classification of debtors or securities with regard to their creditworthiness or credit quality according to credit ratings. The classification is generally performed by rating agencies.

Recurring Sales

The Recurring Sales segment includes the regular and sustainable disposals of individual condominiums from our portfolio. It does not include the sale of entire buildings or land (Non-core Disposals). These properties are only sold as and when the right opportunities present themselves, meaning that the sales do not form part of our operating business within the narrower sense of the term. Therefore, these sales will be reported under “Other” in our segment reporting.

Fair Value Step-up

Fair value step-up is the difference between the income from selling a unit and its current fair value in relation to its fair value. It shows the percentage increase in value for the company on the sale of a unit before further costs of sale.

Fair Value Step-up

Fair value step-up is the difference between the income from selling a unit and its current fair value in relation to its fair value. It shows the percentage increase in value for the company on the sale of a unit before further costs of sale.

Cash-generating Unit (CGU)

The cash-generating unit refers, in connection with the impairment testing of goodwill, to the smallest group of assets that generates cash inflows and outflows independently of the use of other assets or other cash-generating units (CGUs).

Cash-generating Unit (CGU)

The cash-generating unit refers, in connection with the impairment testing of goodwill, to the smallest group of assets that generates cash inflows and outflows independently of the use of other assets or other cash-generating units (CGUs).

Cash-generating Unit (CGU)

The cash-generating unit refers, in connection with the impairment testing of goodwill, to the smallest group of assets that generates cash inflows and outflows independently of the use of other assets or other cash-generating units (CGUs).

Cash-generating Unit (CGU)

The cash-generating unit refers, in connection with the impairment testing of goodwill, to the smallest group of assets that generates cash inflows and outflows independently of the use of other assets or other cash-generating units (CGUs).

Cash-generating Unit (CGU)

The cash-generating unit refers, in connection with the impairment testing of goodwill, to the smallest group of assets that generates cash inflows and outflows independently of the use of other assets or other cash-generating units (CGUs).